Back Pain Causes Effects Health And Social Care Essay

If you have back hurting, you are non entirely. Millions of people every twenty-four hours are enduring with different types and grades of back hurting that interferes with work, everyday day-to-day activities, or diversion. Back hurting is rather common today as it has become ordinary like if you are enduring from common cold, but we need to cognize about the causes of back hurting to pass over out the job from its roots. Back hurting makes the individual really compromising as the victim has to curtail his actions. It hampers the normal life and it is besides really frustrating. There are several causes of back hurting which are similar in symptoms to each other but a infinitesimal analysis can assist you to understand the type of back hurting you are enduring from. The cause of back hurting can be for many grounds ; overexertion of motion and activities that leads to twist or strive, trauma to the dorsum, fleshiness, weight addition during gestation, some businesss and degenerativ e diseases such as arthritis or osteoporosis. Symptoms may run from musculus aching to hiting or knifing hurting, limited flexibleness or scope of gesture, or an inability to stand directly. Trouble can be fixed at the right clip if we understand the existent cause of the job. Ignorance makes the job all the really terrible as back hurting should ne'er be ignored. Back Pain Causes and Effectss Our spinal cord at the dorsum is a complex construction. It is composed of 33 vertebras and more than 30 musculuss. It has a batch of ligaments, inter-verbal phonograph record and multiple articulations. The complex construction of lower dorsum means that even little sums of harm to any portion of the lumbar part can do a batch of hurting and discomfort.The lower back, serves a figure of of import maps for the human organic structure. These maps include structural support, motion, and protection of certain organic structure tissues. When we stand, the lower dorsum is working to keep most of the weight of the organic structure. When we bend, extend or rotate at the waist, the lower dorsum is involved in the motion. Therefore, hurt to the constructions of import for weight bearing, such as the bony spinal column, musculuss, sinews, and ligaments, frequently can be detected when the organic structure is standing erect or used in assorted motions. Deyo RA and Tsui-Wu YJ, ( 1987 ) said that, â€Å" Back hurting is one of the most common jobs impacting all people and it is the largest cause of work-related absence.It can come on all of a sudden or bit by bit and may impact anyone, irrespective of age, but it is more common in people who are between 35 and 55 old ages of age † ( p.264 ) . While it is clear that most people will see back hurting in their life, it is non ever clear why. aa‚ ¬Aâ€Å"In day-to-day life low back hurting is characterized by the fact that it comes and goes with a changing figure of backslidings and hurting strength. Time periods of betterment frequently slide into each other, sometimes with episodes of acute exasperation † ( Ahn NU, Buchowski JM, Garret ES, Sieber AN, Kostuik JP, 2000, p.1515 ) . The causes of back hurting scope from musculus strains and ligament sprains, to joint jobs and slipped phonograph record, to hapless position and heavy lifting. Other hazard factors are re lated to lifestyle, for illustration smoke, considerable corpulence, writhing, humdrum work, quiver of the whole organic structure, and dissatisfaction at work. Everyone ‘s dorsum hurting is different and it is frequently difficult to nail precisely what causes the hurting. The common cause of back strivings is due to assorted musculus strains or sprains. A low back musculus strain occurs when the musculus fibres are abnormally stretched or torn. A lumbar sprain occurs when the ligaments are torn from their fond regards. These musculuss, ligaments, and castanetss all work together to supply control and strength for about all activities. When the lumbar spinal column is strained or sprained, redness of the soft-tissues is consequences. For this ground, the lumbar spinal column is prone to injury, and when an hurt has been sustained, we are prevented from executing many activities. Peoples are frequently surprised at how painful and enfeebling a lumbar strain or sprain can be. They frequently force individual to stay in bed for a twenty-four hours or two, and can do intermittent symptoms for hebdomads. Some people are wholly recovered from an episode of lumbar musculus strain or sprain within one to two hebdomads and if the hurting does non lessen after one month, so it may be advisable to see a doctor. Another common cause of back strivings is fleshiness. â€Å" Obesity is an highly common status worldwide and it is one of several lifestyle factors that have been suspected of doing lower back hurting. From a public wellness position, it would be of import to cognize if lifestyle factors, such as bodyweight, play an of import function in its generation † ( Leboeuf-Yde, 2000, p.226 ) . Over the past decennary the prevalence of fleshiness has risen by 50 % , with the greatest addition in morbid or terrible fleshiness. An of import thing to observe is that the back castanetss that has to bear the weight of the whole organic structure. With all this information on the prevalence of fleshiness and associated diseases, one might infer that fleshiness can be a important beginning of back hurting. Overweight puts the back bone under much force per unit area which frequently consequences in intense back hurting and transporting excess weight will set an excess strain on the lower dorsum ; excess weight puts added force per unit area on the spinal column, which can do hurting. It has long been known that a rise in organic structure weight consequences in a geometric addition in the force per unit area on the spinal column. For those who are morbidly corpulent, the hurt to the spinal column is even greater. There are some simple things can be done to cut down back hurting that is aggravated by fleshiness. It is rather common for physicians to rede their patients to lose weight, either for the intent of cut downing back hurting or to forestall it. Yet another cause of back strivings is the business and bad position. Any business that requires the employee to take part in bending, raising, long periods of sitting or driving, such as nursing, building, mail handling, and mill work can add to the increased hazard of developing a back ailment. Chafin DB and Andersson GB ( 1991 ) said that † In many occupations heavy or frequent lifting, forceful motion and carrying of heavy tonss complicated by awkward organic structure position are day-to-day elements of required undertakings. If the burden is excessively heavy or the frequence of raising exceeds the tolerance, hurts to the dorsum can be the effect † . Three work-related factors are associated with increased hazard of back hurting and hurt, first factor is force. Exerting excessively much force on the dorsum may do hurt. If the occupation is physical in nature, the employee might confront hurt if he often lift or travel heavy objects. The 2nd factor is repeat which refers to the figure of times the individual execute a certain motion. Excessively repetitive undertakings can take to muscle weariness or hurt, peculiarly if they involve stretching to the bound of the scope of gesture or awkward organic structure positioning. The last factor is posture which refers to the place when posing, standing or executing a undertaking. If, for case, the individual spends most of his clip in forepart of a computing machine, he may see occasional achings and strivings from sitting still for extended periods. On norm, the organic structure can digest being in one place for about 20 proceedingss before he experience the demand to set. There for we can forestall these jobs by making regular exercising, avoiding standing or sitting for a long period of clip. For adult females, back hurting is ineluctable during gestation and most pregnant adult females will endure with back hurting during their gestation. Most of the clip the hurting in gestation is related and symptoms will lessen one time the babe has been born. The turning uterus and babe cause many alterations in the organic structure and back aching can be a side-effect of these alterations. Turning womb may besides do back hurting if it is pressing on a nervus. A difference in endocrine degrees can do musculuss and ligaments to go more relaxed, particularly during the last few months as the organic structure is acquiring ready for labour. The weight of the babe can ensue in a higher grade of curvature of the lower spinal column, intending ligaments and musculuss must accommodate and sometimes can experience strained. The Centre of gravitation will be easy altering besides, maintaining a house base with pess shoulder width apart will assist to antagonize this. The best method of forestalling back hurting during gestation is to be physically fit and active before construct occurs. Strong abdominal musculuss and a supple and flexible frame will all assist forestall general achings and strivings during gestation. When pregnant, it is of import to alter place on a regular basis and rest at frequent intervals to avoid musculus weariness and general fatigue. Furthermore, it is said that when we get old back hurting can catch us easy. For many of us, several things begin to go on to our spinal columns as we age, there is a lessening in bone strength and musculus snap and tone. The phonograph record Begin to dry out and lose flexibleness, diminishing their ability to buffer the vertebrae. This is non ever a bad thing, since phonograph record that are less full of fluid are less likely to tear. aa‚ ¬Aâ€Å"Degenerative alterations ( including damaged phonograph record, arthritis and osteoporosis ) are, patho-anatomically, the most common lesions associated with and presumptively the most of import cause of back hurting † ( Bogduk N,1997 ) . Our vertebrae Begin to inspissate, and our discs start to lose wet and form, arthritis and osteoporosis may go on. As a consequence, the spinal canal becomes narrower, seting force per unit area on the spinal cord and nervus terminations and doing hurting, numbness, or failing in the organ ic structure, this status is called spinal stricture and it is most normally seen in older patients. We can forestall this by eating a balanced diet rich in Ca and vitamin D, weight-bearing exercisings, following a healthy life style and eventually to take medicines to better bone denseness when appropriate. In Conclusion, back hurting is non a disease but a configuration of symptoms that normally is acute and self-limited but some causes are chronic, physiological and psychological. Coping with back hurting is the biggest obstruction to betterment. Back hurting may impact the quality of life and curtail the activity and placing the cause for each instance is indispensable for bar and direction. In most instances of back pain the dorsum will mend itself, and remaining active and go oning with the usual activities will usually advance healing. The badness of back hurting does non ever correlate with the badness of the hurt or harm, but there are some things can be done to forestall low back hurting and they can fix for faster recovery. Exercise plans that include aerophilic conditioning and beef uping exercisings can assist in cut downing the return of low back hurting ; maintain the back healthy and strong. For occupational back hurting, employee demands to larn how to raise objects safely to protect his dorsum. Standing position is besides of import there for while standing the ears, shoulders, hips, and articulatio genuss should be in line with one another. Eating a alimentary diet is of import to acquire plentifulness of Ca, P, and vitamin D which may forestall osteoporosis, which can take to compaction breaks and low back pain.Finally intervention for back hurting will normally depend on the implicit in cause of the status and if the hurting still continuity is of import to seek medical advice so that a right diagnosi ng can be reached and appropriate intervention can be given.

Management and Supply Function Essay

It should be emphasised from the outset that purchasing and supply management is executed as an integrated part of the firm’s broader management (as part of the logistics management or supply chain management approach) *Purchasing and supply PLANNING is part of the firm’s general planning, mainly because the continuous supply of raw materials components & services is of a strategic importance to the enterprise. The supply market is just as important for the firm’s survival continued profitability as the sales market is the firms own product. Firm’s general planning must be integrated. *The ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE of the purchasing and supply function should be aimed mainly @ linking into the firm’s overall structure in the most effective way. The purchasing and supply function primarily renders a service to the enterprise. *Purchasing and supply COORDINATION should be aimed @ harmonising and aligning the activities of the purchasing and supply function with those of the other business functions. When a firm vests the authority for the purchasing and supply function in 1 person or team. Advantages: ;gt;Standardisation of materials and products is possible because purchases are made at one point ;gt;Purchasing and supply staff are afforded the opportunity to become experts ;gt;Control over all aspects of the purchasing and supply function is improved ;gt;Administrative costs are reduced by eliminating duplication DECENTRALISED PURCHASING ; SUPPLY ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE Purchasing by different departments, branches or plants, while each of them enjoys an important measure of autonomy of decision making regarding the purchasing and supply function. Advantages: ;gt;Better liaision can be effected between decentralised purchasing and supply functions and the user functions of individual plants served by the purchasing and supply function ;gt;The needs users can be better satisfied because the purchasing and supply function knows them better ;gt;Different plants maintain their autonomy. Plant managers are often fully responsible  for the profitability of individual plants. According to the combined approach, common requirements of the different plants such as equipment and certain categories of raw materials, are purchased centrally head of office. The plants’ purchasing and supply functions are assisted by corporate   purchasing and supply in developing policies, procedures, and control measures, recruiting and training staff, auditing the   purchasing and supply performance of the plants. The main coordinating mechanisms of purchasing and supply management with other functions in the organisation, and with suppliers and customers, are definitely computer systems such as electronic data interchange(EDI), materials planning (MRPII) and distribution requirements planning (DRP). TWO TYPES OF COORDINATION Between purchasing and supply and other functional areas Purchasing coordination is lateral acts in an advisory/support method to the other functions in the enterprise. Between p and s and the supplier system Two dimensions to the coordination between p and s function and the supplier system. Firstly there is coordination with the whole supplier system and secondly with the individual suppliers. The flow of products and services from the supplier has to be effective, the p and s function has to ensure that coordination between them and the supplier ensures this occurs. This can be achieved by means of supplier alliances, integrated systems and inter-organisational teams. The supplier must become an extension of the buying enterprise. The chief coordinating mechanisms available to p and s management are open communication, strategic alliances, integrated systems, the conscious motivation of suppliers and standardisation of specifications, purchasing documents and purchasing procedures. CONTROL : PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THE PURCHASING AND SUPPLYFUNCTION Control may be defined as a systematic attempt to reach objectives or set standards that accord with the enterprise’s goal, to observe actual perform- ance and compare it with the set standards, and to take corrective steps with a view to achieving the mission and goals of the enterprise. Objectives and basic principles of performance evaluation P and activities are complex, needs to have a control system. Feedback   on actual performance(measured against quantitative norms). This ensures that the p and s strategy is implemented at the various levels in the company. With this the p and s manager can monitor and improve the functions actual performance. Control ensures that all the other functions with p and s work optimally.

Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy

Around 12% of all pregnancies occur to women who continue to smoke throughout their pregnancy. Two thirds of those involved in maternal smoking during pregnancy are Caucasian. More than 500,000 infants each year are exposed to cigarette smoke in utero. Maternal smoking during pregnancy has been heavily linked to many infant and toddler health issues. Health issues are also apparent in women who do not smoke during pregnancy, but are regularly exposed to smoke during their pregnancy.   This applies most to those who live with a smoker, or those who work in smoking environments. It is a known fact that maternal smoking during pregnancy produces more premature births and babies with lower birth weights. Maternal smoking during pregnancy has also been associated with babies who have colic. It has been found that tobacco smoke raises levels of motilin in the blood and intestines when maternal smoking during pregnancy is apparant. These raised levels causes contractions of the stomach and intestines to increase. The increased levels of motilin can cause colic in infants, which can cause the infants pain and discomfort for months. Studies show that infants who had colic at 3 months of age had more sleep difficulties and temper tantrums at 3 years of age in comparison with those children without colic. Studies show that maternal smoking during pregnancy leads to more rebellious and aggressive infants and toddlers, helping to link smoking during pregnancy to behavior in infants and toddlers. Mothers who smoked during pregnancy also reported more negative behavior from their infants and toddlers than mothers who did not smoke during pregnancy. Studies show that maternal smoking during pregnancy can have behavioral affects on the infant well into adulthood. Question Does maternal smoking during pregnancy affect the personality (behavior, mood) of an infant and continue to have an affect into toddler hood? Hypothesis It is suspected that maternal smoking during pregnancy does indeed have an affect on the personality (behavior, mood) of an infant and continues to have an affect into toddler hood. Conducting a study on the behavior of infants born to mothers who smoked during their pregnancy, and continuing the study through their toddler years can provide adequate research for this question. This study would need to monitor the child in his or her normal environment as well as in typical social environments. The child’s behavior would then be compared to the behavior of children of the same age and developmental stage that were born to mothers who did not smoke during the pregnancy. By collecting all of the data and analyzing it, there may be a pattern of behavior differences between the children who were born to smoking mothers and those who were born to non-smoking mothers. Problems It may be difficult to pinpoint aggressive or negative behavior from children on the sole fact that their mother smoked during their pregnancy. It will be difficult to factor in behavioral and discipline techniques used by guardians of these children. It may be difficult to get mothers to admit they smoked during their pregnancy, as they may be embarrassed of their lack of attention to the health issues that may have been affected. It may be impossible to set a standard and determine what is normal rebellious behavior for an infant and toddler and what is abnormal behavior. Sources Hitti, Miranda. â€Å"Tobacco Smoke May Increase Colic†. 4 October, 2004. http://my.webmd.com/content/article/94/103060.htm. Acquired on 22 June 2005. â€Å"Infant Deaths Tied to Premature Births†. New York Times. 1 March, 1995. http://www.stat.berkeley.edu/users/statlabs/papers/sample.pdf.   Acquired on 22 June 2005. â€Å"Prenatal Smoking Data Book: Smoking and Reproductive Outcomes†.   www.cdc.com. Acquired on 22 June 2005. Schonfeld, Amy Rothman PhD.   â€Å"Dreading the ‘Terrible Twos'? Don't Smoke, Mothers Warned†.   13 April, 2000. http://my.webmd.com/content/article/23/1728_56585.htm. Acquired on 22 June 2005. ; ; Maternal smoking during pregnancy The Research Question would be â€Å"Are babies born from mothers who smoke during the pregnancy have greater chances of developing low-birth weight, compared to those born from mothers who do not smoke?†A study was conducted on pregnant women that belonged to a Maternity Hospital in Haguenau, France, in 1974.   248 pregnant women that smoked at least five cigarettes a day were defined as ‘cases’, and 196 pregnant women who did not smoke were defined as ‘controls’.Tests conducted on the placenta demonstrated higher incidences of defective trophoblasts in smokers compared to non-smokers.   The signs of intrauterine hypoxia, low birth-weight and low placental weight, were also higher in smokers compared to non-smokers.   However, the study was not able to establish a relationship between low birth-weight and low placental weight or intrauterine hypoxia (Shipra, A. Et al, 1977).Another study conducted demonstrated that mothers who smoked during one pregnancy had produced infants with lower birth-weight, compared to those infants born during pregnancy when they did not smoke.   This was irrespective of the birth order and other factors that affect the growth of the unborn baby in the utreus.   The reduction in the birth weight was directly associated with the number of cigarettes smoked.Mothers, who smoked less, produced infants on an average 90 grams less than normal, whereas those who smoked heavily developed babies on an average 533 grams below normal.   Smoking brought about the development of several lesions in the placental due to under-perfusion (which was usually periodic).   Besides, pregnancy during smoking was on an average 1.5 days shorter than without smoking (Naeye, R.L., 1978).A study was also able to demonstrate that women who quit smoking during pregnancy are able to reduce the several risks associated with pregnancy such as low birth-weight, preterm labor, spontaneous abortion, etc, and period of brea stfeeding also improved (Giglia, R.C. Et al, 2006).A study conducted in Johannesburg and Sweto, in 1990, demonstrated that women who smoked (6.1%) and used snuff (7.5%) during the pregnancy, produced babies who weight an average 2982 grams compared to babies of non-smokers who weighted 3148 grams, on an average.   However, environmental pollutants (such as passive smoking) did not significantly adversely affect the birth weight (Steyn, K., Et al, 2006).Another study conducted in Pelotas, Brazil, in 193, demonstrated that smoking in mothers produced babies on an average 142 grams below that of the non-smokers average.   The study also demonstrated that the risk of fetal retardation was higher with the extent of smoking.   However, the study did not find any relationship between preterm delivery and smoking (Horbta, H.L. Et al, 1997).Hence, it is obvious that birth-weight of the baby is directly affected to the extent of smoked (number of cigarettes) by the mother during pregnan cy.   Further studies need to be conducted on the exact manner in which smoking causes a reduction in the birth-weight of the child.References:Giglia, R.C., Binns, C.W., & Alfonso, H.S. (2006). Which women stop smoking during pregnancy and the effect on breastfeeding duration. BMC Public Health, 2696Z), 195.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16869976?dopt=AbstractPlusHorta, B.L., Victora, C.G., Menezes, A.M., Halpern, R., & Barros, F.C. (1997). Low birthweight, preterm births and intrauterine growth retardation in relation to maternal smoking. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol, 11(2), 140-151. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9131707?dopt=abstractplusNaeye, R. L. (1978). Effects of maternal cigarette smoking on the fetus and placenta. Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 85(10), 732-737.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/708656?dopt=abstractplusSpira, A., Philippe, E., Spira, N., Dreyfus, J., & Schwartz, D. (1977). Smoking during pregnancy and placental pathology. Biomedicine, 27(7Z), 266-270.http s://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/588667?dopt=AbstractSteyn, K., de Wet, T., Saloojee, Y., Nel, H., & Yach D. (2006). The influence of maternal cigarette smoking, snuff use and passive smoking on pregnancy outcomes: the Birth to Ten Study. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol, 20(2), 90-99.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=16466427&query_hl=6&itool=pubmed_DocSum

Heroines and Heroes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Heroines and Heroes - Essay Example In addition, they are also perceived as exotic, erotic and dangerous to males. It raised problems within the issues of globalization because it creates a bias against certain women and thus denies them the chance to be on an equal footing (Jiwani 186). The full text offers little indication that a hero can be globalized. Due to the stereotypes against minorities, there is always going to be a gap. This underrepresentation is mainly created by the media and its portrayal of the minorities. It is impossible for the hero to be disconnected from a particular culture. For example, in the example of the role of Tia Carrere, there is the discontinuity between her Asian roots and her western roots. Her education, connection to her farther and line of work endear her to the western culture and thus create a bias (Jiwani 187). There is a general portrayal of Asians, whether female or male, as scheming and untrustworthy or victims, but never neutral (Jiwani 188). The success of Eurasian heroes is problematic, because of their genealogy. They are descended from Caucasian males who have conquered the exotic Asian woman (Jiwani 187). In addition, the comparisons to the other members fuel the stereotypes against the Eurasian women. This is a problem because instead of illuminating the Eurasian woman in a positive light, the success creates more visibility for the stereotypes (Jiwani

Change Implementation Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Change Implementation Plan - Essay Example Objectives- To study the proposal of the new shift being enforced by the management, To understand the concerns and interests of the stakeholders in implementing the new plan, Identify and negotiate potential constraints and concerns in implementation of the plan and To help build effective strategies for sustenance of the shift plan while communicating regularly to the management, of the negotiation process and results. Goals, concerns and interests Goals- each of the three parties representing staff who view the change positively, staff who view the change negatively and the manager who represents the management of the unit need to agree positively on the outcomes and usefulness of the new shift plan as teamwork is seen to increase quality of care provided by nurses resulting in improved patient satisfaction (Kalisch et al, 2007). Concerns- the report of the trial implementation reveal that the decision to implement the new shifts is completely the management’s decision with no staff involvement or contribution to the plan. Also, the trade union has not been consulted on the usefulness and implementation of the plan. There are two affinities within the staff, those who view the change positively and those who view the change negatively. ... There is a need to evaluate the negotiation process from the viewpoint of these representatives too. Choice of conflict management style (dominating, obliging, avoiding, compromising, and integrating) is also important as it varies from individual to individual (Mary, 2012). Interests- while the management may be committed to cost cutting and improving efficiency in implementing the new plan, a section of the employees and may be their representatives too may be concerned that the decision making did not involve all stakeholders of the unit. As Barrett (2012) has stressed on a values-driven corporate culture for organizations to be successful and this applies to the medical unit as values that the management holds for the unit need to be communicated to the employees while it attempts to increasingly adapt its interests and values in accordance to the interests of all the stakeholders of the unit. Potential constraints Posner (2012) notes that information flows in an organization whe n individual employees are empowered as the authority and power of individuals collectively can foster a better environment where facts, truth, insights, knowledge and possibilities evolve. This is the corporate culture that Barrett (2012) discusses while referring to vision-guided employee fulfillment. As the unit in the present situations seemly lacks a focus on building a quality environment taking into consideration the contribution of individual employees to the unit’s vision, there is a possibility that the implementation of the plan may affect the staff morale in turn affecting the performance in due course. Strategies for negotiation and rationale An integrating approach to conflict management by the

Medical Ethics and the Law (UK) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Medical Ethics and the Law (UK) - Essay Example According to the report findings there are also some cases wherein the patients are not able to make theirown personal decision.   In the case of Major Tom, he was critically injured at the time the plane crashes and was unconscious at the time the proposed operation was delivered by Mr. Botch.   In this case, Mr. Botch was responsible in balancing his duty of care with regards to autonomy  or the practice of informed consent; as well as the practice of non-maleficence, beneficence  and justice.This essay stresses that the capability of the patient to give consent on a specific care or treatment should always be considered by the health care professionals unless there is are clinical evidences that can prove that the patient will never be able to be mentally capable of deciding for himself.   As a general rule, the patient have the legal right to either agree or disagree with the health care professionals’ proposed medical treatment based on the patients’ own set of values and/or religious beliefs.  It is but ethical for Mr. Botch to respect the personal decision of Major Tom with regards to whether he would go through the lung surgery or not.  Health care professionals should also practice the law of confidentiality. It is generally unethical for health care professionals to talk about or disclose the health condition of the patient to other people regardless of whether the mode of communication is verbal or in written.

Globalization for the Arab Countries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Globalization for the Arab Countries - Essay Example Then in 1973, "King Faisal of Saudi Arabia cuts off his country's oil exports to the United States, triggering an oil crisis, long lines at the gas pumps and a recession." (Newton, p 53) Globalization is typically defined as a shift from internal local human societies (including financial, politics and religions) to linking distant communities of people and levels of industry, expanding them across regions and continents - in other words removing boundaries from the world. Globalization can reduce the deficiencies of third world countries with technological advances and with equal allocation of resources. An advantage to globalization is the lowering of trade barriers, for example, the reduction of export tariffs to the developing countries charged by industrialized nations. The lowering of the trade barriers then allow the developing countries to also move towards industrialization with the realized gains. Globalization is also said to liberalize countries with less than democratic political processes, for example, the member countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council. Organization according to the theory of globalization One might argue that the GCC is a regional rather than a global organization, but they formed together because of globalization. They wish to base their common goal on the creed of Islam, believing they have a common destiny. However, it is notable that Yemen, Jordan, Iraq and Iran are not included in the regional organization. Saudi Arabia was the primary in setting up the Gulf Cooperation Council in 1981. Other members are Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The Gulf Cooperation Council aims to coordinate resistance to outside intervention in the Gulf. Progress towards economic integration has been slow during the 1980s economic downturn in the region. The presidency of the Gulf Cooperation Council rotates yearly among members. Council headquarters are in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The Gulf Cooperation Council was initially formed in response to the out break of the Iran-Iraq war. ("Gulf Cooperation Council - GCC.") During that time and after the 1973 Oil Em bargoes it has been estimated that the population of the GCC is about 35 percent expatriates from the surrounding countries. (IOM, LAS 2004). The practice of globalization theory will lead countries to gain of knowledge even if the theory turns out wrong for them. It can also be used to rule out non-working solutions to diagnose and treat economic events. Liberalism of culture, religion, language by GCC Liberalism ('liberate') is opening up the local cultures, religions and languages (internal human societies) to compatibility with global cultures, religions and languages (distant across regions and even continents). In fact, one might say that liberalism wants to synthesize all of the local areas of

Criminal Justice Scenerio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Criminal Justice Scenerio - Essay Example , the parole board must consider the vocational education, work assignment or training, institutional records, therapy and performance during temporary release programs. In addition, the board will conduct an investigation with the victims, if any, of the incidence that lead to the imprisonment of the applicant, Dawes, (2014). In my opinion, John White qualifies for consideration of parole grant. According to the case study, he has already acquired a considerable level of education as compared to the pre-imprisonment period. In this case, he will be more productive to the society than before. In addition, his brother has offered to give him a job and hence John White will be able to cope with his dairy need. I John White do hereby surrender expatriation to the united state of America and agree to faithfully abide by all laws, by-laws, regulations and federal and state governments policies. I hereby submit that I am a corrected person and I will be able to be absorbed by the society to join other persons in the nation building. In addition, I will not engage myself in any unlawful endeavors nor associate myself with persons likely to ruin my morals. I entirely understand the consequences involved should I, in any conduct, breach the abovementioned

Discourse Reflection 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discourse Reflection 1 - Essay Example The reason for this goes beyond the linguistic consideration, also documented by Subbiondo (2005), to consideration of how a student’s cultural and educational backgrounds cause passivity among international students in class. Therefore, the article evaluates the perceptions of silence and reticence among NNS students in group discussions and recommending pedagogical solutions. Jones (1999) acknowledges that Asians constitute the majority of international students in Australasia and the US. As such, the researcher carries out a literature survey from various secondary sources to determine the perception of Asians on silence and reticence in group discussions in class. The findings indicate that teachers in the surveyed institutions consider Asian students as polite and inactive in class and hence find it better dealing with European, American and Australian students. It was also observed that majority of the teachers have little knowledge on non-Western culture which deters communication between Asian students and teachers. On their part, the students were found not to be keen to learn the host culture despite its great influence in defining the academic system. The students from southeast and northeast Asia in the US, New Zealand and Australia consider reticence and silence as crucial for one’s moral disposition and for maintenance of harmony of so cial order. I support this observation because even scholars like Paltridge (2006) document that face and politeness vary among cultures and societies. Therefore, the study recommends the need to provide the NNS students with an understanding of the culture of academic English speaking and equip them with the requisite participatory skills. EFL teachers have to be sensitive in class and attend training for cross-cultural awareness. According to Shemshadsara (2012),

Discussion question Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 11

Discussion question - Coursework Example Thus, it can be affirmed that this test is appropriate to use while measuring the efficiency of distinct variables that remain present within a study. Similarly, an example of non-parametric test is reckoned to be ‘Kruskal-Wallis Test’, which is applied to evaluate three or beyond samples. These tests can be used in the presence of a single nominal and measurement variable and are executed upon ranked data (Hecke, 2010). Investigators ought to make certain basic assumptions to conduct ANOVA. In this regard, the values of errors must be considered as zero with assuming the errors as independent. In this similar context, certain assumptions must also be adhered by the investigators while running ‘Kruskal-Wallis Test’. An ordinal scale must be used to assess the two variables. The independent variables must inculcate in excess of two independent groups (Hecke, 2010). The data analysis plan involves a number of steps. These include identifying the research problems, specifying assumptions and drawing references. Specially mentioning, to address the study hypothesis, one can make greater use of ‘multiple t-tests’. By considering the fact that the study hypothesis is based on nursing criteria, one of the measures relating to central tendency i.e. ‘mode’ will be reported for demographic variables. This will aid in measuring all the frequencies of the collected values, making the study hypothesis quite reliable and justified (METU,

Naiku, ise shine the great japanese joinery architecture Research Paper

Naiku, ise shine the great japanese joinery architecture - Research Paper Example The shrines’ public status has not always been gentle. In the years leading to the World War II, Ise becomes inextricably bound with the imperialistic and nationalism conquest. Even after the war modernists and their allies seized the symbol of the antiquity of Japanese culture as the touchstone for their own design. Close to 120 shrines are contained in the site but the main ones are Geku which is the outer shrine and Naiku which is the inner shrine though Naiku stands out of the rest with its magnificent architectural buildings and religious capacity to the pilgrims (Saka, pp 1). The inner shrine of Naiku that is dedicated to one of the Sun Goddess is one of the Japan most famous architectural and cultural sites bustling with worshippers from the ancient days to present times. Naiku Shrine is at the center of sightseeing in Ise, Mie Prefecture. The locals refer the place to as Jingu meaning the Shrine as an legitimate name, and the Sun Goddess Amaterasu O-mikami is preserved there. Yearly, an overwhelming seven million worshippers flocks the shrine for cultural services. When it comes to Japan’s indigenous religion, Naiku scores the highest as it is the most revered shrine complex of all that exists in Naiku. Established in the 5th century, it was built in honor of the sun of the goddess, Amaterasu-omikami, whose Japanese imperial family is believed to have descended. The grounds are ancient, but there has been a concerted effort to rebuild the structures every twenty years in a process called shikinen sengu that is done ingeniously using the timber and glue. According to Shoki Nihon, close to 2000 years ago the daughter of Emperor Suinin, devine Yamatohime mikoto set out from Mt. Miwa in search for a place to set up a lasting location for the worship of the goddess Amaterasu-omikami (Hardacre & Helen, pp 2). Wondering for twenty years through the region of Mino and Ohmi, her search finally led her to Ise, the

Sales Contract Essay Example for Free

Sales Contract Essay Sale of Goods 1. The Seller will sell, transfer, and deliver to the Purchaser the following goods on or before May 31, 2012 (the â€Å"Goods†) a. 10,000 widgets Purchase Price 2. The Purchaser will accept the Goods and pay for the Goods with the sum of fifty thousand ($50,000) USD, paid as follows: a. Down payment of $5,000 upon contract execution b. the remainder of the purchase price within 10 day of receipt of delivery of the Goods. 3. Payment of the Goods will be made to the Seller when the Purchaser has confirmed receipt of the Goods. Delivery of Goods 4. The Goods will be deemed by the purchaser when delivered the Purchaser’s place of business located at 456 First St., Secondville, Michigan. The Purchaser agrees to pay the cost of the shipment. Risk of Loss 5. Risk of loss will be the responsibility of the Seller from the time of delivery to the Purchaser. The Seller will provide at its expense insurance on the Goods insuring the Seller’s and the Purchaser’s interest as they appear, until receipt of shipment has been confirmed. Warranties 6. THE GOODS ARE SOLD WITH WARRANTY. THE SELLER ACCEPTS ALL WARRANTIES WHETHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. The Seller assumes, or authorizes any other person to assume on the behalf of the Seller, any liability in connection with the sale of the Goods. 7. Upon delivery of the Goods, the Purchaser reserves the right to inspect the Goods, or have it inspected. The Purchaser must confirm and accept the Goods as being in good condition. Further the Seller accepts  any and all warranties as to the condition of the Goods. Title 8. Title to the Goods will be shared with the Seller and Purchaser until the delivery and actual receipt of the Goods by the Purchaser. Upon delivery, the Seller must provide a document of title or registrable Bill of Sale of the Goods, bearing the necessary endorsement to the Purchaser. Security of Interest 9. The seller retains a security interest in the Goods until paid in full. Inspection 10. Inspection will be made by the Purchaser at the time and place of delivery. Claims 11. The Purchaser must give notice of any claim within 30 days from the date of delivery. Excuse for Failure to Perform 12. The Seller is liable in any way for any delay, non –delivery or default in shipment due to labor disputes, transportation shortage, delays in receipt of material, priorities, fires, accidents and all other causes. If the Purchaser, in its sole judgment, will be prevented directly or indirectly, on account of any cause beyond its control, from accepting the Goods, the Purchaser reserves the right to terminate this Agreement by notice in writing to the Seller. Remedies 13. The Purchaser’s remedy and the Sellers complete liability for any and all losses or damages resulting from the defective goods or from any other cause will be for the purchase price of the particular delivery with respect to which losses or damages are claimed, plus all transportation charges paid by the Purchaser. Cancellation 14. The Purchaser reserves the right to cancel this Agreement: a. if the Purchaser deems the shipment incomplete or unacceptable in condition. b. in the event of the Purchaser’s insolvency or bankruptcy; or c. If the Purchaser deems that its prospect of providing payment is impaired. Notices 15. Any notices to be given or document to be delivered to either the Seller or Purchaser pursuant to the Agreement will be sufficient if delivered personally or sent by prepaid registered mail to the address specified below. Any written notice or delivery of documents will have been given, made and received on the day of delivery personal, or on the third (3rd) consecutive business day next following the date of mailing if sent by prepaid registered mail: PURCHASER:456 First St., Secondville, Michigan SELLER: 123 Main St., Podunk, Iowa General Provision 16. All representations and warranties of the Seller in the Agreement will survive the closing of this Agreement. 17. This Agreement cannot be modified in any way except in writing signed by all the parties to the Agreement. 18. This Agreement will be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of Michigan, including the Uniform Commercial Code and the Seller and the Purchaser hereby attorney toe the jurisdiction of the Courts of the State of Michigan. 19. Except where otherwise stated in this Agreement, all terms employed in this Agreement will have the same definition as set forth in the Uniform Commercial Code in effect in the State of Michigan on the date of execution of this Agreement. 20. This Agreement will inure to the benefit of and be binding upon the Purchaser and Seller and their respective successors and assigns. 21. This Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties and there are no further items or provisions, either oral or otherwise. IN WITNESS WHEREOF the parties have executed this Sales Agreement on this 10th day of October, 2012.

The Various Positioning Errors Marketing Essay

The Various Positioning Errors Marketing Essay For instance: kotak-mahindra positions itself in the customers mind as one entity-kotak,which provide customized solutions to all the financial services needs.The positioning of the brand will be influenced by the competitive stance one wants to adopt. Various Positioning Errors; UNDER POSITIONING: Here the customers have a blurred and unclear idea of the brand. OVER POSITIONING: Here the customers have too limited awareness of the brand. CONFUSED POSITIONING: Here the customers have confused opinion of the brand. DOUBLE POSITIONING: Here the customers do not accept the claims of the brand. POSITIONING BY PRICE/COST LEADERSIP When it comes to marketing the business, there are three generic strategies you can use: focus, differentiation and cost leadership.   This means that you need to minimize your costs and pass the savings on to your customers. WAL-MART Wal-Mart Stores Inc. has been successful using its strategy of everyday low prices to attract customers. The idea of everyday low prices is to offer products at a cheaper rate than competitors on a consistent basis, rather than relying on sales. Wal-Mart is able to achieve this due to its large scale and efficient supply chain. They source products from cheap domestic suppliers and from low-wage foreign markets. This allows the company to sell their items at low prices and to profit off thin margins at a high volume. MCDONALDS The restaurant industry is known for yielding low margins that can make it difficult to compete with a cost leadership marketing strategy. McDonalds has been extremely successful with this strategy by offering basic fast-food meals at low prices. They are able to keep prices low through a division of labor that allows it to hire and train inexperienced employees rather than trained cooks. It also relies on few managers who typically earn higher wages. These staff savings allow the company to offer its foods for bargain prices. POSITIONING BY LIFESTYLE Brand position in car-MAZDA MAZDAs Brand Positioning Strategy There are similar products throughout the automotive industry. Mazda considers it vitally important to strengthen its emotional bonds with consumers. In order to create an excellent brand image through strong emotional ties with consumers, Mazda did not initially concentrate on brand strategy schemes, but rather sought to define a brand DNA. Target customers Mazdas target customers are those individuals who stay young, have a good capability to express themselves, are always passionate and are self-confident in their choices. Mazdas Brand DNA Mazdas brand DNA is divided into two concepts of Personality and Product. In order to gain pathos from the target customers, Mazda tried to create an image where Personality is defined as Stylish, Insightful and Spirited, and to guide Mazdas craftsmanship, Product is defined as Distinctive Design, and Responsive Drive. POSITIONING BY ATTRIBUTES Brand positioning is designed to develop a sustainable competitive edge on product attributes in the minds of the consumers. The consumer choice depends upon the attributes of the brand and the utility thus derived.brand attributes also known as core values,represent the essence of the brand. FEW STRONG BRAND ATTRIBUTES: Sustainability: A strong brand makes business competitive.A sustainable brand drives an organization towards innovation and success.Example:Marks and spencers. Inspirational: A strong brand should transcend/inspire the cateogary it is famous for.Example: NIKE transcendent jersey. Appealing: A strong brand should be attractive. Customers should be attracted by the promise one makes and by the value one delivers. Example:life insurance companies. Sometimes a product can be positioned in terms of two or more attributes simultaneously. The  price and quality attribute dimension is commonly used for  positioning  the products. The product is associated with attributes it possess. Ariel offers a specific benefit of cleaning even the dirtiest of clothes because of the micro cleaning system in the product. Colgate offers benefits of preventing cavity and  fresh breath. Promise, Balsaras toothpaste, could break Colgates stronghold by being the first to claim that it contained clove, which differentiated it from the leader. Nirma offered the benefit of low  price  over Hindustan Levers Surf to become a success. Maruti Suzuki  offers benefits of maximum fuel efficiency and safety over its competitors. This strategy helped it to get 60% of the Indian automobile  market. POSITIONING BY QUALITY Another way is to communicate a specific image or position for a brand is to associate it with a specific use or application-Quality It Possess Surf Excel is positioned as  stain remover   Surf Excel hena! Clinic All Clear Dare to wear Black. POSITIONING ON THE BASIS OF PRODUCT CLASS Often the competition for a particular product comes from outside the product class. For example, airlines know that while they compete with other airlines, trains and buses are also viable alternatives. Manufacturers of  music CDs must compete with the cassettes industry. The product is positioned against others that, while not exactly the same, provide the same class of benefits. POSITIONING BY COMPETITOR Competitors may be as important to positioning strategy as a firms own product or services. In todays  market, an effective positioning strategy for a product or brand may focus on specific competitors. This approach is similar to positioning by product class, although in this case the competition is within the same product category. Onida was positioned against the giants in the television industry through this strategy, ONIDA colour TV was launched with the message that all others were clones and only Onida was the leader. Neighbours Envy, Owners Pride. POSITIONING ACCORDING TO THE PRODUCT USER Clinique, for example, has a strong image of being fresh, clean, and pure, with a white-coat clinical approach to skin care and cosmetics. The typical user is perceived to be a young woman with oily skin. The challenge for Clinique is to maintain its current image strengths but to soften the youthful image (to make the brand accessible to mature women) and to reach out beyond the specialized focus on oily, problem skin to a broader   audience. For instance, Clinique would like to inject elements of elegance into the line, not to compete with the elegant position of competitors but to expand beyond their  strong clinical position. POSITIONING BY OCCASION Recognizing the market potential, Cadbury decided to add the  Diwali  twist to  Celebrations. With the 1999 campaign that surprised families with `Diwali Ki Meethi Shubhkaamnaaye  and the `Har Pal Bane Ek Utsavcampaign in 2000, people were now reveling in the  Diwali  festivities with a box of  Cadbury  Celebrations. In 2002, with the tagline `Rishtey Pakne Do  the Rich Dry Fruit Collection was introduced in the market that got families together in festive times. Delving beyond families, the 2004  Celebrations  commercials starring Amitabh Bachchan cemented the spirit of friendship with the tagline `Aisi Mithaas Jo Dosti Banaye Khaas. In 2009,  Celebrations  took the brand thought deeper into the meaning of Diwali; it was now a symbol of new friendship, spreading happiness, and taking a moment to thank all those who remain unappreciated for most part of the year. Tapping into the festive mood of togetherness, Celebrations  started asking people  `Iss Diw ali Aap Kisse Khush Karenge?  

Network Security and Vulnerability Threat Table

Network Security and Vulnerability Threat Table LAN Security Is the local area network that access control using the private VLANs and its a networking device within a small geographical area. They are not safe and secure compared to other networks because its easy to access the WLAN security compared to others its more of convenience over security thus it will help business and IT organizations to improve on their network by providing suitable choices for WLAN security for organizations to have a safe WLAN in their working place they must have procedures that outlines forms of double connections that are allowed in the work place for security purposes, also to consider security and its impacts to other networks for instance theWLAN ,to have client devices and APs,also to perform attack and vulnerability monitoring respectively to support this type of network and lastly to carry out a regular assessment about WLAN security in the organization. The wireless system helps devices to connect to the computer minus them being connected to the network,WLAN consists of client devices for examples the laptops and the access points(APs),the APs connect client devices with distributing system(DS) and DS its the only way by which client devices can pass information or communicate with LAN and other networks. Also we have wireless switches that help the WLAN is administrators to manage it. WLAN Architecture It has the following components including the client devices,APs and the wireless switches, this part tries to show the importance of having a standard mechanism of security   thus providing recommendations for implementing, evaluating and maintaining those configurations of the client devices. The architecture of an organization should be standard when it comes to the issues of security configurations because it provides a base for security thus reducing the vulnerabilities and consequences of attacks that might be successful, it will improve the consistency and predictability of security. The following makes up WLAN architecture: roaming, microcells, infrascture, and independent. Independent WLAN is the simplest one which consists a group of computers that are equipped with client adapter and access points are not necessary in this case. Infrastructure WLAN consists of wireless stations and access points combined with DS that help roaming and mediating wireless network traffic. Microcells and roaming; a microcell is an area coverage for an   AP,they help users to move between   access points without having to log in again and restarting the applications again, for roaming to work, access points must have a way of exchanging information as a user connect Threats of WLAN The following explains the security threats of WLAN that are likely to happen: eavesdropping, spoofing and denial of service A) Eavesdropping Involves attack against the confidentiality of data that is transmitted across the network, eavesdropping is a big threat because the attacker can intercept the transmission over air from a distance that is away from the organization B) Spoofing It is where the attacker could gain access to data and resources in the network by assuming the identity of a valid user this is because some networks do not authenticate the source address thus the attackers may spoof MAC addresses and hijack sessions. C) Denial of service This is where the intruder floods the network with either genuine or fake information affecting the availability of the network resources, WLAN are very vulnerable against denial service attacks due to the nature of the radio transmission. LAN Security Is a wireless networking device within a small locality that access control using the private VLANs. Identity management Is the system discipline whereby the right people access the right and valid information at the right moments and for good particular reasons. Physical security Its the protection of the hardware, software, networks, and data from actions that could cause loss or damage to an organization for instance theft. Personal security Availability Is the quality or state of information or data of being available and easily accessed. Privacy Is the state of a person to seclude himself or herself, or information about him or her, so its the procreation of information or confidentiality of data. Cyberattactks in tabular format Type of attack Effect Malware Its a computer code that a malicious function, used to destroy   or steal private data in a computer. Password attacks They attack on cracking a person or user is password so that the attacker may obtain access to a secured system. Denial of service Focuses on the interruption of a network service when an attacker sends volumes of traffic to the network that is targeted. The following will be employed to mitigate the above types of attacks on the computer: Threat intelligence reports, are documents that describe types of system and information that is on mission or the one being targeted and information important to the organization. We have security alerts that are notifications about the current vulnerabilities and some security concerns. Tool configuration is the recommendations for mechanisms that support the exchange, analyzing, and the use of threat information. Indicators can also be used, they suggest or tell that an attack is imminent or its underway for instance we have the IP. Plan of protections openStego-its a free steganography that has the following functions: Data hiding where it can hide data within a cover file watermarking files with an invisible signature. Quickstego -helps someone to hide text in pictures so that its only users of quickstego who can be able to retrieve and go through those messages. Oursecret -enables the user to hide text files for instance images and videos thus suitable for sending confidential information. Veracrypt -it adds enhanced security to the algorithms used for system and partions encryption making it immune to new developments in brite-force attacks. Axcrypt -it integrates seamlessly with windows to compress, encrypt, decrypt, store, send, and work with individual files. GPG-it enables to encrypt and sign data, communication, as well as access modules for all public directories. Cryptographic mechanisms to organization Cryptographic is writing is in secret code within the context of any application and these are the requirements for it; Authentication, privacy, intergrity, and non-repudiation They include:schannel CNG provider model,ECC cipher suites,AES cipher suites and the default cipher suite preference. so the basic mechanism is to covert data into   cipher text form and then again into the decipherable when it gets into the user. Encryption and decryption is the main mechanism which works and ensures free flow of data within the system. Benefits The use of using public keys enables individuals to convert data into the encrypted form. Used to hide crucial important and vital information. Helps in preventing leakage of vital data from a network Helps in the authentication of users over the transfer or flow of data in electronic way. Risks associated with these are that they make the problem of general key recovery difficult and expensive and too insecure and expensive for many applications and users as large. File encryption tools Veracrypt, axcyrpt, Bitlocker, GNU Privacy Guard and 7-zip File encryption method We have the following methods; exceptions, syntax, remarks and security Results of the encryption files They provide an overview and pointers to resources on EFS They also point to the implementation strategies and best practices Encryption technologies Shift/Caesar cipher-its a tool that uses the substitution of a letter by another one further in the alphabet. Polyalphabetic cipher-is a cipher that is based on substitution using the multiple substitution alphabets. Perfect cipher-these are ciphers that can never be broken even with after an unlimited time. Block ciphers-is an algorithm deterministic that operates on fixed-length groups of bits. Triple DES-is a symmetric-key block cipher that applies the DES algorithm three times to the data bits in the system. RSA-is a public-key in the cryptosystems and is used for the transmission of secure data. Advanced encryption standard-its a cipher based on the substitution-permutation network and works fast in both the hardware and software. Symmetric encryption-these are the algorithms that uses the same cryptographic keys for both encryption and decryption of the cipher text. Text block coding-are the family of error-correcting codes that do encode data in bits. Information hiding and steganography-is the process of concealing a file, video, image or file. Digital watermarking-is the practice of hiding digital information in a carrier signal in the system. Masks and filtering-masks show which of the part of the message is displayed. Description security architecture of the organization It has the following components including the client devices,APs and the wireless switches, this part tries to show the importance of having a standard mechanism of security   thus providing recommendations for implementing, evaluating and maintaining those configurations of the client devices. The architecture of an organization should be standard when it comes to the issues of security configurations because it provides a base for security thus reducing the vulnerabilities and consequences of attacks that might be successful, it will improve the consistency and predictability of security. The following makes up WLAN architecture: roaming, microcells, infrascture and independent. Independent WLAN is the simplest one which consists a group of computers that are equipped with client adapter and access points are not necessary in this case. Infrastructure WLAN consists of wireless stations and access points combined with DS that help roaming and mediating wireless network traffic. Microcells and roaming a   microcell is an area coverage for an   AP,they help users to move between   access points without having to log in again and restarting the applications again, for roaming to work, access points must have a way of exchanging information as a user connect. the cryptographic means of protecting the assets of the organization Cryptographic is writing is writing in secret code within the context of any application and these are the requirements for it; Authentication,privacy,intergrity and non-repudiation They include: schannel CNG provider model, ECC cipher suites, AES cipher suites and the default cipher suite preference. so the basic mechanism is to covert data into   cipher text form and then again into the decipherable when it gets into the user. Encryption and decryption is the main mechanism which works and ensures free flow of data within the system. Benefits The use of using public keys enables individuals to convert data into the encrypted form. Used to hide crucial. important and vital information. Helps in preventing leakage of vital data from a network Helps in the authentication of users over the transfer or flow of data in electronic way. the types of known attacks against those types of protections Password attacks-its a third party who tries to get access of information by cracking the password. Malware-codes with malicious intent to steal data or destruction of the computer system. DOS attacks-it majors on or targeting disruption of the network and can be prevented by keeping the system secure. Strong passwords are the only way against this attack. Malware should be avoided by doing away with links to unknown users. How to ward off the attacks Malware-avoid clicking and downloading attachments from unknown users. Phishing-through verification of any requests from organization via email over the business phone. Passwords attacks-use of strong passwords DOS attacks-the system of the organization to be kept secure with software updates. Encryption Technologies Data Hiding Technologies and Shift/Caesar cipher-its a tool that uses the substitution of a letter by another one further in the alphabet. Polyalphabetic cipher-is a cipher that is based on substitution using the multiple substitution alphabets. Perfect cipher-these are ciphers that can never be broken even with after an unlimited time. Block ciphers-is an algorithm deterministic that operates on fixed-length groups of bits. Triple DES-is a symmetric-key block cipher that applies the DES algorithm three times to the data bits in the system. RSA-is a public-key in the cryptosystems and is used for the transmission of secure data. Advanced encryption standard-its a cipher based on the substitution-permutation network and works fast in both the hardware and software. Symmetric encryption-these are the algorithms that uses the same cryptographic keys for both encryption and decryption of the cipher text. Text blocks coding-are the family of error-correcting codes that do encode data in bits. Information hiding and steganography-is the process of concealing a file, video, image, or file. Digital watermarking-is the practice of hiding digital information in a carrier signal in the system. Masks and filtering-masks show which of the part of the message is displayed. Network security vulnerability and threat table above Common Access Card Deployment Strategy How identity management can be part of security program and CAC deployment plan Identity management involves telling what the user can do to certain devices at a given time. Identity management can be part of the program because of its reasons well known for instance: increasing security, also production while decreasing the cost and effort. The program tools of identity management need to run as application towards a server because it defines the type of user and devices allowed to work on a certain network this for it to be part of the program, must depend on alerts, reports, policy definition and alarms Thus offering directory integration and connection of the wireless and non wireless users and meeting almost the operational and security requirements. Deployment plan of the common access control Can come for different reasons so as to deploy and enforce the authorization policy for instance: The organization -wide authorization policy   that is driven from compliance level of organizational requirement.also departmental authorization policy where they have some special data handling the requirements that would be passed to various department. Then the specific data management relating to compliance and targeting at the   protection of the right access of information. Email Security Strategy Types of public-private key pairing Public keys may be disseminated widely but private are only known to user owner. This makes two functions-the authentication when public key is used to verify or show a private user sent a message and encryption where the holder of the private key can decrypt the message. Authentication-is when the public key is used to verify that a holder of the paired private key sent the message. Non-repudiation-its an attribute of communication that seeks to prevent the occurrence of the untrue or false denial of involvement by either party because it provides the originator of data with credible evidence showing information was received as it was addressed. Hashing -its used to index and retrieve items in database because it is faster to find an item through the use of shorter hashed key thus hashing being the transformation of a string of characters into a shorter fixed length than the original size. This added security benefit will ensure integrity of messaging by: Speeding being high   this is when the number of entries is large because maximum number of entries can be predicted in advance so that the bucket array can be allocated once also one may reduce the average lookup cost by a careful choice of the hash function and even the internal data   of structures. Pretty Good Policy-its a program that is used to encrypt and decrypt email over the internet as well as to authenticate digital messages with signatures the stored files that are already encrypted. GNU privacy Guard-its an encryption software program since it uses the combination of conventional symmetric-key cryptography for speed. Public key infrastructure -its a cryptography key that enables the distribution and the identification of the public encryption keys thus enabling the devices to exchange data securely over various networks. Digital signature -its an electronic signature that can be used to authenticate the identity of the person sending the message. Mobile device encryption-they help mitigate security risks whereby data must be encrypted while it is in transit and when in storage. How to use smartcard readers tied to computer systems Smartcard are the credit-sized plastic cards that do contain the circuit card that are integrated they can be deployed together with readers to provide user authentication and the non-repudiation for wider range of security purposes. A single smart card can be issued to each network user so as to provide a single set of credentials for logging to remote networks. Complexibility of cost and technical of email encryption strategic to security benefits The following elements must be considered: The basics because encryption is a process that is based on the cipher that makes or ensures information is hidden.Aslo choosing what to encrypt because it will be part of the risk management and the planning process of data governance. The three states of data in order for data to be secure from data in motion to data at rest and last data in use. Recommendation Smart card can be deployed together with readers to provide user authentication and the non-repudiation for wider range of security purposes. A single smart card can be issued to each network user so as to provide a single set of credentials for logging to remote networks A deployment plan   its a step to step on what need to happen in the last stage in the email security strategy, for a deployment plan to be effective the following must be put into consideration: Layered application that deals with the design management dependencies  Ã‚   between components also the people who structure application layers should not be same again to structure the hardware infrastructure. Reference Atul.kahate, cryptography, and Network security Tata mc Graw.Hill Publishing Company Limited, 2003 E .kranakis primarily and cryptography, Wiley, 1986

Wachovia information paper -- essays research papers

Are American CEOs Paid Too Much? Are American CEO’s overpaid? In my opinion, they are. In America today, CEO’s of various companies are known for their high position and for their high salary. According to the Business Journal, the average CEO’s of an S&P 500 firm earned $2.7 million yearly in 1992. By 2000, the average pay for these CEOs increased to more than 400 percent totaling to approximately $14 million per year. When compared to average workers, the pay increase is even more dramatic. Is this increase justifiable? In 1992, CEOs were paid 82 times the average of blue-collar workers. In 2004, this amount increased to over 400 times. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the average production worker fared less well in 2003. Their annual pay was $26,899 in 2003, up just 2.1% from 2002. The average worker took home $517 in their weekly paycheck in 2003; the average large company CEO’s took home $155,769 in their weekly pay. If the minimum wage had increased as quickly as CEO pay since 1990, it would be $15.71 per hour today. This is more than three times the current minimum wage of $5.15 an hour. While workers are increasingly anxious about their job security, and how they will pay the rising costs of everything from health insurance to housing, from college to gasoline, corporate executives continue to distance themselves from the cares and worries of those they lead. It sends a poor message to demand cost cutting from the factory floor, while costs in the ...

Essay examples --

Since the mid-1990s, the United Nations (UN) and other multilateral bodies have asserted authority for the administration of war-torn territories and shouldered the responsibility of placing them on the trajectory of political change (Knoll 2008: 2). In 1995, right after Dayton Peace Agreement, the UN assumed responsibility in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Chesterman 2004: 2). In 1999, following NATO’s armed intervention in Kosovo, the Security Council adopted Resolution 1244 establishing the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (Brabandere 2009: 37). Just a few months later, a transitional administration was created with effective sovereignty over East Timor until independence (UNTAET). These expanding mandates continued a trend that began with the operations in Namibia in 1989 and Cambodia in 1993, where the United Nations exercised varying degrees of civilian authority in addition to supervising elections (Chesterman 2004: 2). However, although the UN had assumed responsibility in 68 countries since 1948, the missions in Bosnia, Kosovo, and East Timor are commonly seen as unique in the history of the United Nations (Chesterman 2004; Doyle 2001; Chopra 1998; Wolfrum 2005; Stahn 2008). First, international administrations of these countries represent the most comprehensive missions ever deployed by the United Nations. Second, these cases also represent clear examples of democratic regime-building efforts on the part of international administrators. In the three cases, democratic regime-building has been an explicit goal, and international administrators have sought to oversee and involve themselves in a full process of regime change (Tansey 2009). Lastly, the three cases also display variation on both independent a... ...lack of interviews or surveys represents a limitation in this respect. These gathering-data techniques could enormously supplement the present paper in addition to primary documents, academic literature and non-academic materials published by think-tanks and NGOs. Second, following Przeworski et. al. (2000) and Mainwaring et. al. (2001), the present paper it leaves out substantive results such as social equality and economic development. Nevertheless, although these caveats are significant and may serve as the impetus for further research they do not overshadow the modest endeavor of the present paper. As Mainwaring et. al. (2000) suggests, by applying a trichotomous scale with a modest information demand, the number of coding errors significantly would be reduced and thus achieve greater reliability than would be possible under a more demanding measurement scale.

Business Report Essay -- GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Business Report SOCIAL CUSTOMS Every country has it’s own social customs and gestures. Ireland has its share of social customs that differ from the United States, but for the most part the countries are relatively similar. Friendliness and hospitality have always been the hallmark of the Irish people. People in Ireland react to strangers very politely, as you would expect in most parts of the United States. The attitude toward foreigners in Ireland is reasonably friendly, and welcoming, as opposed to being hostile. In Ireland people greet each other much like they do in the United States. In a social setting, a handshake is appropriate when greeting another man, when greeting a woman a hug is appropriate. The manners in Ireland follow the United States almost exclusively. Entering or leaving a room in Ireland is much like entering or leaving a room in the United States. When entering and greeting a person, it is considered good manners to shake a man’s hand, or offer a woman a hug, but beyond that, when exiting a room, there is no bowing or nodding. Do not go overboard, the Irish aren’t physically effusive. â€Å"If an Irish person refers to you by your last name, do the same, generally in a social situation they switch quickly to using your first name.†1 Other than this using a name for an introduction follows the usual Mr., or Mrs., when referring to an adult. In a non-formal setting, such as a social atmosphere, referring to someone by his or her first name is completely acceptable.1 In the part of Ireland researched, social customs do not dictate where or when people are expected to sit in a social or business setting; however it would be advised when in a business situation not to be seated until asked. There are no hand gestures, facial expressions, or phrases noted that would be considered rude in Ireland that would not be considered rude in the United States. This also works in the reverse direction, where, such hand gestures, facial expressions, and phrases that would be considered rude in the United States will also be taken as rude in Ireland. When speaking to a person from Ireland, you would stand just as you would when speaking to an American in the United States. A relaxed manner, and a reasonable distance are the norm. While in a restaurant in Ireland you would signal a waiter in the same manner that you would in the United Stat... ... would have to be that of, St. Patrick, Patron of Ireland. St. Patrick worked in a missionary in the 5th century. He played a crucial part of converting Ireland into the Christian faith. There are many important dates on the Irish calendar. Many of which happen to be festivals. St. Brighad’s Feast (Feb. 1), May Eve, Festival of Lughnasa (Aug), and Halloween. Being that most of Ireland’s people are of Christian faith, all of the Christian holidays such as Christmas, Easter, St. John’s Night, and the Feast of St. Martin, are celebrated. The Irish National Anthem-â€Å"The Soldier’s Song† or â€Å"Amhran na bhFiann,† - was written in 1907 by Peader Kearney, who together with Patrick Henney also composed the music. It was first published in 1912, and was formally adopted in 1926. It consists of three stanzas and a chorus, the text of which goes as follows: Soldiers are we, whose lives are pledged to Ireland; Some have come from a land beyond the wave, Sworn to be free, no more our ancient sire land Shall shelter the despot or the slave. Tonight we man the bearna baol In Erin’s cause come woe or weal ‘Mid cannon’s roar and rifles peal, We’ll chant a Soldier’s song.19

Culture Assessment Essay

A widely accepted definition of organizational culture is it is the shared meanings, artifacts, values, beliefs, norms, and assumptions that dictate how an organization works and its existence (Cameron & Quinn, 2006). Organization culture is shaped by more than one element; say individuals’ life experiences, background, education levels and so fourth. Undoubtedly, leadership also plays a critical role in defining what culture prevails in the organization and their actions have a major influence on how the rest of the organization follows suit. (Robbins et al, 2000) Additionally organization culture defines the strategies that a firm uses in handling things like competition, growth, resource management and the like. (Goffee & Jones, 1996) A good assessment of the cultural orientation of a firm makes it likelier to promote interorganisational network and also implement changes that encourage member participation and productivity. The key indicators of organizational culture include organization structure, power and managerial styles, ways in which members of the organization interact and do their jobs among others. This paper takes a look at FedEx Corporation and gives a summary of the type of organization culture at FedEx, its benefits, hindrances as well as the recommendations of the company. Company overview FedEx Corporation is a large company headquartered in the US that deals in printing, courier services and logistics as well as cargo airline services. This company has been named one of the top 10 most admirable companies by Fortune magazine two years in a row. Since its founding in 1971 it has grown from humble beginnings a leader in air courier industry. Its brands include the FedEx home delivery, FedEx smart post and FedEx freight east and west, FedEx services among others. Its chief competitors are DHL, TNT, UPS, BAX Global and USPS. The company employs over 250,000 workers and has a net income of approximately 1. 8 billion dollars in 2006. Culture assessment The organization culture at FedEx blends various kinds of organization culture but perhaps the most predominant culture is flexibility discretion and dynamism. This has been its major strategy of staying ahead. To support this, FedEx takes pride in their ability to adapt to change so as to enhance effectiveness and competitiveness. (Cameron & Quinn, 2006, p. 34) This it achieves by combining innovation, knowledge sharing, high experience and team work in its key strategies to attaining competitive advantage. A good illustration of FedEx external focus is evident in the numerous deliveries of relief supplies that FedEx made to hurricane Katrina victims for free in 2005, earning it more customers and goodwill. Adhocracy orientation at FedEx is fostered at top level management down to the junior staff. The CEO of FedEx encourages employees to be trend setters and nonconformist and dare to take calculated risk. The management encourages employees to be all ears on current events and look for opportunities. The guiding philosophy is that an innovation failed is better than a thousand years lost in risk averse dealings. Innovation at FedEx is held with high regard and employees are rewarded handsomely for developing fresh ideas. The management supports viable projects from employees financially or otherwise. This is one reason why FedEx distinguishes itself as an evergreen company in the air courier industry. This culture is underscored when creative attempts that fail are rewarded as well as the successful innovations. The familiar slogan ‘absolutely, positively gets it there overnight’ is made real by the culture ingrained in the employees towards importance of customer service, efficiency at work, speed and accurate scheduling. This culture leverages FedEx for competitive advantage. Basically, the FedEx corporate culture emphasizes urgency, speed and teamwork, exceeding customers’ expectations, initiative, flexibility and active listening (O’Reilly, Tushman & Michael, 1997) Aside from the flexible nature at FedEx, it also adopts an outwardly and sensitive approach to the environment that it operates. Competitiveness fosters the company to always look for opportunities to expand and grow. While the opposite of this culture is to foster integration and unity within the organization as well as knowledge some elements of this culture are also present at FedEx. This is because FedEx emphasizes high skills among employees. Employees at FedEx are highly learned individuals as the company only picks the best of the best. Working ones way up the corporate ladder requires that ones knowledge base also increases. In addition, the internal focus of FedEx organizational culture provides an appropriate environment that enables employees to grow and exercise their skills as seen in the various training and task assignments delegated to employees. In order for knowledge sharing to be maximized then division of labor, job enrichment, team building and so forth have to be conducted regularly (Murray, Poole & Jones, 2005) some aspects of these are present at FedEx. FedEx corporate culture values hard work and rewards such appropriately. It also disregards discriminations and fosters equal opportunities for its employees in areas of promotion, transfer and recruitment. The hands off team oriented management style promote progressive and diversified work culture. Communication is a key strength for FedEx organization culture and regular surveys on employees’ views on the job are taken to monitor and modify areas of universal discontent. Notably, the employees at FedEx are highly experienced and skilled individuals. The culture therefore is based on letting employees be free agents who direct their jobs in their own direction. The management ensures that employees are proactive and take initiative to learn from mistakes of others. The employees are not reprimanded or penalized for slip-ups rather management takes the blunder as an opportunity to teach the rest. Most of the tasks done at FedEx are assigned to teams which are given sufficient power and authority to fulfill their responsibilities and be accountable for the results. Seemingly this is the reason behind the great success of FedEx. The benefit of the cultures present at FedEx is that the company is maintains its competitiveness amid intense competition from the competitors. Additionally, it deals with fewer conflicts, fewer staff turnover and enjoys increase in employees’ job satisfaction, higher performance less resistance to change, higher productivity and better customer service and so forth. The hindrances of this kind of organization culture are that it requires major investment in time and money. The management needs to be patient with employee mistakes which are most times costly. Additionally it is difficult to monitor this practice in the FedEx Company because of the large workforce and the busy schedules that the employees have. Conclusion The organizational culture at FedEx has both benefits and detrimental aspects although many are the benefits. In the competitive faced paced industry that FedEx operates their culture seem most fitting. Perhaps the only thing that I would improve is the hierarchal structure and the communication channels for free flow of information and faster decision making throughout the organization.

B321 Tma 02

gesture 1 (a) Simons (1999, pg 768) describes native motif as commit to res recrudesce in behaviours or actions in prescience of intern all in all(prenominal)y- generated rejoins much(prenominal) as personal feelings of achievement and extrinsic indigence Simons describes as (1999, pg 766) desire to engage in behaviours or actions in anticipation of tangible come backs, much(prenominal) as m sensationy or promotion. extraneous motivation is created by pecuniary incentives. An incentive as Simons (1999, 767) describes as being a reward or payment that is utilise to motivate performance.The two types of motivation mentioned higher up weed be spendd to physique a rewards package for the product focalize managers. First I go awaying dispute intrinsic motivation this type of motivation is from inwardly (as Simon states (1999, pg 245)) rather than external. Managers can emend intrinsic motivation, Simons (1999, pg 245) states they can action on troop proud of w here they work and in addition they can involve subordinates in the death oscilloscope process to increase the likeliness that subordinates lead see the goals as legitimate.If subordinates ar included in the process of mountainting goals-asked to provide input and education they atomic number 18 more likely to feel that the goals be legitimate and work more diligently to achieve them. The motivation is aligned to look Tex air powers performance goals, which argon, the granting of book of facts stock-still managers sacrifice performance goals stria by Ted, monthly charges against their departmental turn a gathers, managers ar more likely to stick to the rules class by Ted beca do they are in have got of credit.Also, the purchasing of capital equipment and operating supplies barely having predetermined limits this gives the managers a sense of hold in and able to make finalitys with discover having to ask authority whenever a purchase was to be made. except product managers are allowed to set policies such as pricing for products or services. They to a fault have the power to hire, fire and deal the salary. Product centre managers can rewarded because they have the responsibility to do the above and are free to make choices within set boundaries. Other rewards can be meaningfulness managers whitethorn feel they are doing something important.Also a nonher reward is having the competence, managers can feel satisfied. Lastly, another reward is having the sense of progress, product centre managers will feel they have gained something. I will now discuss the extrinsic incentives, Simons (1999 pg 245-246) states financial performance awards-typically in the form of bonuses-can be linked utteredly to the achievement of goals and targets. Since incentives are to motivate performance Ted has allocated 10% bonus to managers. (b) Simons four levers of rule can be utilize in the effectuation of strategy for Air Tex Aviation.Simons states stra tegic look is not achieved through forward-looking and unique performance measurement and restraint body, but through belief systems, term systems, diagnostic control systems and interactive control systems working together to control two the implementation of intended strategies and the formation of emerging strategies. Simons (1999, pg 763) describes belief systems as explicit set of organisational definitions that senior managers take place formally and reinforce systematically to provide prefatorial sets, place, and direction for the organisation.Figure 14-2 Levers of control (Simons pg, 305) shows belief systems as strategy as Perspective and Obtaining Commitment to the Grand Purpose, this in the context of Airtex Aviation are stolon of all Ted and detent have taken control of the business, Ted is President and head operating incumbent and Frank is chairmanship. They as well have a vision to grow at a rate of 20% per year for the first louver years. To implemen t strategy Ted and Frank decentralised authority and made each(prenominal) operating operation a profit centre and grouped them by departments.Departments were disposed(p) authority over his operations. This creates shared beliefs and missions within the business. Employees will be more prompt because of the more control they have and they will have the sense of belonging to the business. Simons (1999, pg 764) describes boundary systems as explicit rumors imbed in formal information systems that restore and communicate specific risks to be avoided. bounce Systems in the situation of Air Tex Aviation are, Simons (1999, pg 297) draw as rules, limits and proscriptions.Rules in Airtex Aviation are decentralising the business, installment a control system. Limits introduced are profit centres having the authority to deprave operating supplies and capital equipment with purchase rate limits. A reason for limits is described by Simons (1999, pg 297) as to allow single(a) creat ivity within de fined limits of immunity. Proscriptions include removing Sarah Arthur and her accounting system as it was not working and introduce a control system that supports the management and provides information needed in order to make decisions.The accounting system forward gave employees a lack of motivation because they were not involved in the decision making process. Also Simons (1999, pg 279) states communicate standards of business conduct for all employees, thats what the new control system does, involves all employees. My good words to AirTex Aviation would be use all four levers of control together as one cant work without the others. Also I would recommend the high society when financially able to perhaps train managers, as close to employees have besides studied up to high school.Another recommendation would be for the department managers to set out goals for their own departments, use a equilibrise scorecard or something similar. Moreover, I would in addi tion recommend the business owners to draw up perhaps a mission statement or a statement of purpose and distribute it to each manager, so they bop the objective and purpose of the business. Overall, the owners have turned the business around and should carry on as they have fage so. mind 2 (a) In the article by Jones, T. C. and Dugdale, D. (1994), near of the interviewees check overd, illuminate present valuate is superior to requital.I will summarise the views of the five interviewees below. tenner a lecturer was one those that thought that NPV is better than PB. exaltation does however conceptualise that payback, in Jones, T. C. and Dugdale, D. (1994) works fine for simple, straightforward projects, but does judge how unserviceable it is and NPV gives the right answer and considers era entertain for money. He also thinks that NPV has no disfavor whatsoever. He also goes on to say that collusive NPV is sluttish because of the use of computers. His pedantic group also suit with him that NPV is superior.Frank chief accountant was one of those interviewed who was against NPV and suspicious of it, describing it as dangerous Jones, T. C. and Dugdale, D. (1994). He has been using PB for many years and says it is simple to use and NPV is complicated, time consuming and conveys spurious accuracy Jones, T. C. and Dugdale, D. (1994). He also says that NPV is hard for managers to date they prefer PB. Simon a senior finance manager thought no assessment method has importance but believes NPV completely relevant with high interest range & long time periods, Jones, T.C. and Dugdale, D. (1994). He believes that information given to managers should be what they want and accountants should helper in making investment decisions not decide which idea method to use. Judy a junior finance manager prefers to use NPV rather than PB because it considers time look upon for money which is important in her view. She also says NPV gives ability to alter ass umptions & identify incompatible outcomes Jones, T. C. and Dugdale, D. (1994). She has very strong views for NPV and thinks managers should use this proficiency but.Managers have studied MBAs so thinks it will be easy for them to understand. entirely She fears that she may be a dupe of my training which might have been academic brainwashing, Jones, T. C. and Dugdale, D. (1994). Len a finance incumbent also says authorize present value is superior to payback. He doesnt agree with Adams suggestion that PB figures might be ad reasonableed to beam more clearly the results of NPV analysis Jones, T. C. and Dugdale, D, because of honorable rules. (1994).He too like Adam finds calculating NBV easy because of the use of computers. The interviewees which I mostly agree with are Len, Judy and Adam this is because, they believe that NPV is superior to PB. Also NPV considers time value of money and is easy to figure because of the use of computers. I also agree with Judy that managers sho uld be taught NPV because PB is simple and as Adam said NPV should be used for minor projects. (b) Pure reasoning in my view would be coming up with answers which would be the norm and what most people would agree to.An example in B321 grapheme studies would have to be that of Classic pen Company Developing an ABC Model. Jane Dempsey came up with information by using methods such as activity found be used by accountants. Overall, I think pure reasoning would have the most influence on someones decision making process this is because most people adhere to the norm they dont want to be seen as deviant. Also most people would be scared to do otherwise just in case the decision doesnt turn out to be as expected, which may get them into a softwood of trouble. (c)My views have changed since recital the article because, before I thought that calculating net present value for investment appraisal was complex and very complicated but both Adam and Len find it easy because of the use of computers. Also before reading the article I thought payback was completely useless and unreliable for investment appraisal but as Adam points out it is fine to use on simple projects. Also another take in for NPV is that it gives ability to alter assumptions & identify unalike outcomes, Jones, T. C. and Dugdale, D. (1994) as Judy points out.Both appraisal methods have their benefits, net present value has more benefits overall. Question 3 (a) Total machine hours 880,000 ? 44,000 = 20 enlivened Pies 20 ? 4,000 = 80,000 ? cc0 = ? 40 per ken porc Pies 20 ? 40,000 = 800,000 ? 20,000 = ? 40 per jackpot (b) Set up connect 420,000 ? 200 = 2,100 Pork Pies 2,100 ? 120 = 252,000 ? 20,000 = ? 12. 60 Game Pies 2,100 ? 80 = 168,000 ? 2,000 = ? 84 Purchasing related 240,000 ? 480 = 500 Pork Pies 500 ? 320 = 160,000 ? 20,000 = ? 8 Game Pies 500? 160 = 80,000 ? 2,000 = ? 40 Volume related 44,000 + 88,000 = 132,000 220,000 ? 32,000 = 1. 67 Pork Pies 1. 67 ? 120,000 = ? 200,400 ? 20,000 = ? 10. 02 Game Pies 1. 67 ? 12,000 = ? 20,040 ? 2000 = ? 10. 02 exist centre costs for pork pies per batch ? 12. 60 + ? 8 + ? 10. 02 = ? 30. 62 appeal centre costs for game pies per batch ? 84 + ? 40 + ? 10. 02 = ? 134. 02 (c) The difference with activity based be and traditional costing is, firstly traditional costing only assigns overhead cost machine hours or direct labour hours to products. Whereas activity based costing uses activities for accumulating costs as described by Atkinson (2004, pg 127).